Furst A
Environ Health Perspect. 1981 Aug;40:83-91. doi: 10.1289/ehp.814083.
Metals have been evaluated as potential carcinogens by administering pure elements or compounds by a large variety of routes. These include mixing the agent in the food, dissolving the test compound in the drinking water, or administering the material by gavage. The respiratory tract routes tested include inhalation, intratracheal instillation, the direct injection of particulates into the pleural cavity, or the implantation of hooks by surgical intervention. The parenteral routes used were intravenous injection, intraperitoneal injection, subcutaneous implantation, as well as intrafemoral and intramuscular injection. This latter route is the most commonly used. There are major objections to the subcutaneous implantations route, and data generated from these experiments are difficult to interpret for the foreign body reaction may give rise also to fibrosarcomas. This then is a nonspecific reaction. Exotic routes tested include intrarenal, intratesticular, and intracranial injections. The endpoints of the carcinogenic reactions are, in the main, sarcomas of certain types with fibrosarcomas predominating. Rhabdomyosarcomas are the next most frequent cancer found, and squamous cell carcinoma may account for less than 2% of the cancers reported. Much more research is necessary to clarify the nature of metal carcinogenesis. Dose-response information is almost nonexistent; the divided dose problem has not been studied adequately, and very little information is available on interspecies reactions. More work is needed to help interpret the mechanism of action.
通过多种途径给予纯元素或化合物，对金属作为潜在致癌物进行了评估。这些途径包括将受试物混入食物中、将测试化合物溶解于饮用水中或通过灌胃给予受试物。测试的呼吸道途径包括吸入、气管内滴注、将颗粒直接注入胸腔或通过手术干预植入挂钩。使用的非肠道途径有静脉注射、腹腔注射、皮下植入以及股内注射和肌肉注射。后一种途径是最常用的。对皮下植入途径存在重大异议，而且这些实验产生的数据难以解释，因为异物反应也可能引发纤维肉瘤。这是一种非特异性反应。测试的特殊途径包括肾内注射、睾丸内注射和颅内注射。致癌反应的主要终点主要是某些类型的肉瘤，以纤维肉瘤为主。横纹肌肉瘤是其次最常见的癌症，鳞状细胞癌可能占报告癌症的比例不到2%。需要进行更多研究以阐明金属致癌作用的本质。剂量反应信息几乎不存在；分次剂量问题尚未得到充分研究，而且关于种间反应的信息非常少。需要开展更多工作以帮助解释作用机制。
