Laplanche J
Int J Psychoanal. 1981;62(Pt 1):81-9.
The problem of anxiety allows us to test the validity of our metapsychological conceptions. Fear as an adaptive reaction to danger, should be sharply distinguished for anxiety. Fear as such is not present in the infant. Anxiety is the primary phenomenon. It is the result and the translation of the internal attack by the free drive-energy, whose achieved shape is the so-called death-drive. Both "life-drive" and "death-drive" are of sexual nature, but the later operates according to the purest primary process, whereas the former, cathexes more or less stable objects and, in the first place, the own ego. Anxiety, then, is the impact of destructuration produced on the ego and its objects by the drive attack; it is the irreconcilable ego-dystonic residue of sexual desire.
焦虑问题使我们能够检验元心理学概念的有效性。恐惧作为对危险的适应性反应，应与焦虑明确区分开来。婴儿本身不存在恐惧。焦虑才是主要现象。它是自由驱力能量进行内部攻击的结果和转化，其实现形式即所谓的死亡驱力。“生本能”和“死本能”都具有性的本质，但后者按照最纯粹的初级过程运作，而前者则或多或少地贯注于稳定的客体，首先是自身的自我。因此，焦虑是驱力攻击对自我及其客体产生的破坏作用的影响；它是性欲中与自我不相容的残余部分。
