Tyrrell D J, Pressman M, Cunningham T, Steele G M, Thaller K
J Genet Psychol. 1981 Dec;139(2d Half):205-20. doi: 10.1080/00221325.1981.10534156.
Build-up of proactive interference (PI) with visual-picture and auditory-verbal input modalities and the subsequent release from Pi following a change in modality was investigated in three experiments with boys and girls, as follows: Experiment I (n=64) at two mean age levels, 7-6 and 10-5; Experiment II (n=64) at mean age 7-6; and Experiment III (n=48) at age 11-4. PI build-up occurred in both modalities for all ages tested. Release from PI occurred following a change from auditory to visual input by not from PI occurred following a change from auditory shift. In the final experiment, this asymmetrical improvement in performance was dependent upon an interaction between the modality of the input and distractor task on the final or release trial; changing to visual input produced a release effect regardless of the distractor task modality, while auditory input was associated with improvement in recall if a visual distractor task was employed whether or not a shift in input modality had occurred. This improvement was hypothesized to represent a decrease in retroactive interference rather than a release from proactive interference.
在三项针对男孩和女孩的实验中，研究了视觉图片和听觉语言输入方式下的前摄干扰（PI）积累，以及随后在方式改变后从PI中释放的情况，具体如下：实验一（n = 64），平均年龄为7岁6个月和10岁5个月；实验二（n = 64），平均年龄为7岁6个月；实验三（n = 48），年龄为11岁4个月。在所测试的所有年龄段中，两种方式下均出现了PI积累。从听觉输入转换为视觉输入后会出现从PI中释放的情况，而从听觉转换后则不会出现从PI中释放的情况。在最后一项实验中，这种表现上的不对称改善取决于最终或释放试验中输入方式与干扰任务之间的相互作用；无论干扰任务方式如何，转换为视觉输入都会产生释放效应，而如果采用视觉干扰任务，无论输入方式是否发生转换，听觉输入都与回忆改善相关。据推测，这种改善代表了倒摄干扰的减少，而不是从前摄干扰中释放。
