Gadpaille W J
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980 Mar;37(3):349-56. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780160119014.
Some forms of homosexual activity are widespread if not ubiquitous among studied mammals, occur invariably in all reported subhuman primates, and are present in most human cultures. Homo sapiens is the only species, however, in which adult preferential or obligatory homosexuality occurs naturally. Existing cross-species and cross-cultural reports are reviewed from behavioral, physiological, and evolutionary perspectives with a view toward clarifying the role of homosexual behavior in species interactions. The data suggest that preferential or obligatory homosexuality in adulthood, in the presence of available and receptive heterosexual partners, is qualitatively rather than quantitatively distinct from all other manifestations of homosexual activity, and that quantitative incidence rating scales obscure meaningful understanding of this dimension of homosexual behavior.
某些形式的同性恋行为即便在所有被研究的哺乳动物中并非普遍存在，也是广泛存在的，在所有已报道的非人类灵长类动物中都必然出现，并且存在于大多数人类文化中。然而，智人是唯一成年后自然出现偏好性或强制性同性恋行为的物种。本文从行为学、生理学和进化的角度对现有的跨物种和跨文化报告进行了综述，以期阐明同性恋行为在物种相互作用中的作用。数据表明，在有可获得且有接受意愿的异性伴侣的情况下，成年后的偏好性或强制性同性恋行为在质上而非量上与同性恋活动的所有其他表现形式不同，而且定量发生率评定量表模糊了对同性恋行为这一层面的有意义的理解。
