Whitam F L
Arch Sex Behav. 1983 Jun;12(3):207-26. doi: 10.1007/BF01542072.
While the behavior of homosexuals in some aspects is subject to cultural variability, this analysis explores the equally important question of cultural invariability. Based on several years of field work in homosexual communities in the United States, Guatemala, Brazil, and the Philippines, six tentative conclusions about cultural invariability are offered: (1) homosexual persons appear in all societies; (2) the percentage of homosexuals in all societies seems to be about the same and remains stable over time; (3) social norms do not impede or facilitate the emergence of homosexual orientation; (4) homosexual subcultures appear in all societies, given sufficient aggregates of people; (5) homosexuals in different societies tend to resemble each other with respect to certain behavioral interests and occupational choices; and (6) all societies produce similar continua from overtly masculine to overtly feminine homosexuals. Implications for this interpretation of homosexuality include the notion that homosexuality is not created by social structural arrangements but is rather a fundamental form of human sexuality acted out in different cultural settings.
虽然同性恋者在某些方面的行为存在文化差异，但本分析探讨了同样重要的文化不变性问题。基于在美国、危地马拉、巴西和菲律宾同性恋社区进行的数年实地研究，提出了关于文化不变性的六点初步结论：（1）同性恋者存在于所有社会；（2）所有社会中同性恋者的比例似乎大致相同，且随时间保持稳定；（3）社会规范既不阻碍也不促进同性恋取向的出现；（4）在有足够数量人群聚集的情况下，所有社会都会出现同性恋亚文化；（5）不同社会中的同性恋者在某些行为兴趣和职业选择方面往往彼此相似；（6）所有社会都会产生从明显男性化到明显女性化的同性恋者的类似连续体。这种对同性恋的解释所带来的影响包括这样一种观念，即同性恋并非由社会结构安排所创造，而是人类性行为在不同文化背景下表现出的一种基本形式。
