Wahler R G, Fox J J
J Appl Behav Anal. 1980 Spring;13(1):23-39. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1980.13-23.
The behavior of four boys, 5 to 8 years of age, who were referred for a number of oppositional, rule violating, and aggressive behaviors, was assessed by direct observation and parent reports. Following baseline measurement, several interventions were successively applied to each child's behavior. Use of a social play contract to reduce problem behaviors by teaching appropriate social behaviors resulted either in no improvement or in worsening of the problem behaviors in observations made when the contract was not in effect. Changing the contract behavior to solitary toy play resulted in reduced oppositional behavior during the observation sessions, fewer reports from the parents of low-rate problem behaviors, and improvements in the parents' attitudes toward the children. However, these changes during the observation sessions were short-lived, because the data on these measures began to show a reversal during later sessions. Inclusion of a time-out contingency with the solitary play contract recovered the earlier improvements in the children's behavior during observation sessions and the parents' reports. These results gave support to the view that for children whose behavior is severely oppositional and aggressive, a treatment approach emphasizing productive, solitary behaviors may be superior to one stressing appropriate social interaction. However, a combined strategy of reinforcement for solitary play and punishment for problem behaviors appears necessary to ensure more durable treatment effects.
对四名5至8岁因多种对立、违规和攻击性行为而被转介的男孩的行为，通过直接观察和家长报告进行了评估。在基线测量之后，相继对每个孩子的行为应用了几种干预措施。使用社会游戏契约通过教授适当的社会行为来减少问题行为，在契约未生效时进行的观察中，要么没有改善，要么问题行为恶化。将契约行为改为单独玩玩具，导致观察期间对立行为减少，家长报告的低频率问题行为减少，家长对孩子的态度也有所改善。然而，观察期间的这些变化是短暂的，因为这些测量的数据在后期开始出现逆转。在单独游戏契约中加入暂停应急措施，恢复了观察期间儿童行为和家长报告中早期的改善。这些结果支持了这样一种观点，即对于行为严重对立和具有攻击性的儿童，强调有成效的单独行为的治疗方法可能优于强调适当社会互动的方法。然而，为确保更持久的治疗效果，似乎有必要采用对单独游戏进行强化和对问题行为进行惩罚的联合策略。
