Graham J M, Miller M E, Stephan M J, Smith D W
J Pediatr. 1980 Jun;96(6):1052-6. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(80)80640-8.
Seven instances of limb reduction defects are reported with a presumed common underlying etiologic theme of early in utero limb compression, deduced as being due to a bicornuate uterus in four instances, a large fibroid in one instance, and early amnion rupture with transient amniotic fluid loss in two instances. Similar types of limb reduction defects have been experimentally produced as a consequence of early withdrawal of amniotic fluid with resultant compression of the developing limbs, leading to vascular disruption. A similar mechanism is hypothesized to have caused these seven instances of limb reduction defects.
