Lateralization of functions in the vertebrate brain: a review.

That the human left and right cerebral hemispheres perform different functions is widely accepted; but there is little evidence of whether or not similar functional asymmetries exist in non-human vertebrates. In this paper, neuro-anatomical similarities between human and other vertebrate brains are considered, and data concerning physical asymmetries reviewed. The defining features of human lateralization are taken to be right-handedness, as a skewed but continuous distribution of preferences, and a greater involvement of the left hemisphere in species-specific vocalization, with right-hemisphere superiority in spatial perception and emotionality less well-marked characteristics. Rodents, cats, at least one species of marsupial, and macaque monkeys have consistent hand preferences for food reaching. These may result from constitutional factors, but in every species studied the distribution of preferences is unskewed. Canaries appear to have left-hemisphere dominance of vocal production, and there is limited support for the conjecture that macaque monkeys have left-hemisphere dominance for reception of species-specific cries, and/or for short-term auditory memory. Left and right unilateral hemispheric damage may have appreciably different effects on emotionality in rats, sound localization in cats, and tactile discrimination in monkeys, although the available evidence is equivocal. It seems possible that asymmetries of cerebral function are widespread in vertebrates. In particular, left hemisphere dominance of species-specific communication might be common in birds and primates: left-hemisphere dominance of human speech may be an example of a general vertebrate tendency towards unilateral control of vocalization.