Olds D E, Shaver P
J Pers. 1980 Sep;48(3):323-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1980.tb00837.x.
Spence and Helmreich's (1978) claim that individual differences in four components of achievement motivation (mastery, work, competitiveness, and personal unconcern) are attributable to masculinity and femininity rather than to gender was generally supported, with one exception: Masculinity was associated with competitiveness for males but not for females. Furthermore, competitive women were more likely than noncompetitive women to have mental and physical health problems, but there was no such difference for males. In general, masculinity emerged as a beneficial constellation of traits for both males and females, correlating negatively with achievement conflicts and stress symptoms, and positively with mastery and work. Femininity, on the other hand, appeared to be a detrimental cluster of traits for both sexes, at least in terms of academic performance and health. Implications for the controversial concept of androgyny were discussed, and it was suggested that, in the future, research inspired by an ideal conception of adult behavior confront the ideal directly rather than describe it in terms of the traditional concepts of masculinity and femininity. Any such research effort will have to deal with the pivotal role of competitiveness.
斯彭斯和赫尔姆赖希（1978年）声称，成就动机的四个组成部分（掌握、工作、竞争力和个人冷漠）中的个体差异可归因于男性气质和女性气质，而非性别，这一观点总体上得到了支持，但有一个例外：男性气质与男性的竞争力相关，但与女性无关。此外，有竞争力的女性比无竞争力的女性更有可能出现身心健康问题，但男性不存在这种差异。总体而言，男性气质对男性和女性来说都是一组有益的特质，与成就冲突和压力症状呈负相关，与掌握和工作呈正相关。另一方面，女性气质似乎对两性来说都是一组有害的特质，至少在学业成绩和健康方面是如此。文中讨论了对有争议的双性同体概念的影响，并提出，未来受成人行为理想概念启发的研究应直接面对理想，而不是用传统的男性气质和女性气质概念来描述它。任何此类研究都必须应对竞争力的关键作用。
