Walker Mirella, Wänke Michaela
University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
PLoS One. 2017 Oct 12;12(10):e0181306. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181306. eCollection 2017.
In two studies we disentangled and systematically investigated the impact of subtle facial cues to masculinity/femininity and gender category information on first impressions. Participants judged the same unambiguously male and female target persons-either with masculine or feminine facial features slightly enhanced-regarding stereotypically masculine (i.e., competence) and feminine (i.e., warmth) personality traits. Results of both studies showed a strong effect of facial masculinity/femininity: Masculine-looking persons were seen as colder and more competent than feminine-looking persons. This effect of facial masculinity/femininity was not only found for typical (i.e., masculine-looking men and feminine-looking women) and atypical (i.e., masculine-looking women and feminine-looking men) category members; it was even found to be more pronounced for atypical than for typical category members. This finding reveals that comparing atypical members to the group prototype results in pronounced effects of facial masculinity/femininity. These contrast effects for atypical members predominate assimilation effects for typical members. Intriguingly, very subtle facial cues to masculinity/femininity strongly guide first impressions and may have more impact than the gender category.
在两项研究中，我们对微妙的面部男性气质/女性气质线索以及性别类别信息对第一印象的影响进行了剖析和系统研究。参与者对具有明确男性或女性特征的目标人物进行评判，这些人物的面部特征被略微强化了男性气质或女性气质，评判内容涉及典型的男性（即能力）和女性（即热情）人格特质。两项研究的结果均显示出面部男性气质/女性气质的强烈影响：面部具有男性气质的人比面部具有女性气质的人被视为更冷漠、更有能力。这种面部男性气质/女性气质的影响不仅在典型（即面部具有男性气质的男性和面部具有女性气质的女性）和非典型（即面部具有男性气质的女性和面部具有女性气质的男性）类别成员中被发现；甚至发现这种影响在非典型类别成员中比在典型类别成员中更为明显。这一发现表明，将非典型成员与群体原型进行比较会导致面部男性气质/女性气质产生显著影响。非典型成员的这些对比效应比典型成员的同化效应更为显著。有趣的是，非常微妙的面部男性气质/女性气质线索强烈地引导着第一印象，并且可能比性别类别产生更大的影响。
