Faculty of Biomedicine, Psychology Department, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Faculty of Biomedicine, Nursing Department, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Arch Womens Ment Health. 2021 Jun;24(3):445-454. doi: 10.1007/s00737-020-01087-z. Epub 2020 Nov 12.
In light of the impact of gender roles on health, the aims of the present study are (1) to assess the associations between femininity/masculinity and gender typologies, and health indicators (mental health, wellbeing, and self-perceived health) and (2) to identify patterns of gender roles and health indicators, thus exploring new tendencies in gender and health in Spanish university students in the framework of the androgyny model. The sample was made up of 795 university students from Madrid and Toledo. Data collection was completed during 2019. Measures of self-rated health, mental health (GHQ12), and wellbeing (MHC-SF) were considered as health indicators, while the Bem Sex Roles Inventory (BSRI) was used to measure gender roles. Multilevel analysis was employed to value associations between masculinity and femininity and gender typologies with self-rated health, mental health, and wellbeing. Furthermore, cluster analysis was used to explore general tendencies in gender roles and health, while also considering biological sex composition. The best predictor of mental health was found to be masculinity, rather than femininity. Cluster analysis showed a dominance of androgyny and undifferentiated typologies with proportionally similar biological sex composition. Results confirmed the androgyny model, highlighting the role of androgyny and masculinity as protective factors of mental health. Cluster analysis suggested less gender-typed individuals and more flexible ways of adapting to gender roles in university students. Health systems, governments, and public institutions must take these results into account when designing health prevention and intervention policies. Social agents, educators, and the media must also collaborate in the achievement of equalitarian gender roles, which could result in a minimization of gender-related health differences.
鉴于性别角色对健康的影响，本研究旨在：(1)评估女性气质/男性气质与性别类型，以及健康指标（心理健康、幸福感和自我感知健康）之间的关联；(2)确定性别角色和健康指标的模式，从而在西班牙大学生的雌雄同体模式框架内探索性别与健康的新趋势。该样本由来自马德里和托莱多的 795 名大学生组成。数据收集于 2019 年完成。自我评估健康、心理健康（GHQ12）和幸福感（MHC-SF）被视为健康指标，而贝姆性别角色量表（BSRI）用于衡量性别角色。采用多层次分析来评估男性气质和女性气质以及性别类型与自我评估健康、心理健康和幸福感之间的关联。此外，聚类分析用于探索性别角色和健康的一般趋势，同时考虑生物性别构成。研究发现，心理健康的最佳预测因素是男性气质，而不是女性气质。聚类分析显示，雌雄同体和未分化类型占主导地位，生物性别构成比例相似。研究结果证实了雌雄同体模型，强调了雌雄同体和男性气质作为心理健康保护因素的作用。聚类分析表明，大学生中较少有性别定型的个体，更多的是灵活适应性别角色的方式。卫生系统、政府和公共机构在制定卫生预防和干预政策时必须考虑到这些结果。社会代理人、教育工作者和媒体也必须合作，实现平等的性别角色，这可能会减少与性别相关的健康差异。
