Behavioral observation and analysis of pain behavior in critically burned patients.

Although patients who have been critically burned obviously suffer significant levels of pain, they also appear to engage in adaptive behaviors with greater frequency than previously documented. Observers trained in the use of an objective, reliable coding system recorded 5 min samples of behavior during treatment procedures. Typically, patients report severe pain during procedures such as wound debridement, dressing changes, physical therapy, etc., and many dread having to undergo them. The coding system allowed for the concurrent recording of staff reactions to patients' pain behaviors, well-being behaviors (discussing progress, future plans, complying with therapeutic instructions, etc.), criticism and praise of the hospital and the staff, and focusing on other patient's problems. Results indicate that: (1) patients exhibit a significant higher frequency of psychological and somatic well-being than psychological and somatic complains, even in the context of an intense, typically painful, treatment procedure; (2) differences in the frequency of pain behaviors and of well-beings behaviors were not systematically related to the expected burn-related variables, e.g., total body surface area burned, site of burn, days since onset; and (3) nursing staff who have not received specific training in the behavioral analysis and treatment of pain respond to most patient behaviors with positive reinforcement regardless of whether such reinforcement is therapeutically indicated. Behavioral implications for the theory and treatment of pain are discussed.