Erber J, Herman T G, Botwinick J
Exp Aging Res. 1980 Aug;6(4):341-8. doi: 10.1080/03610738008258369.
It has been proposed that the old do not process information as deeply as the young and therefore show poorer memory. This study manipulated level of processing via type of instruction given to subjects prior to the memory tasks (recall followed by recognition). Five types of instructions were employed: non-semantic, non-semantic + intentional, intentional, semantic, and semantic + intentional. Type of instruction affected the two age groups differentially on recall memory but not on recognition memory. The young and old recalled at the same level following a non-semantic (shallow) instruction, but parted ways thereafter; the young became disproportionately superior with semantic instructions. The addition of an intentional component to the non-semantic instruction benefited the recalll performance of the young to a greater extent than the old. The addition of an intentional component to a semantic component benefited the recal performance of the young, but not the old. It was concluded that the old have more difficulty than the young in dealing with two instructional components simultaneously when recall performance is under consideration.
有人提出，老年人处理信息不如年轻人深入，因此记忆力较差。本研究通过在记忆任务（回忆后再认）之前给予受试者的指令类型来操纵加工水平。采用了五种类型的指令：非语义、非语义+有意、有意、语义和语义+有意。指令类型对两个年龄组的回忆记忆有不同影响，但对再认记忆没有影响。在非语义（浅层）指令后，年轻人和老年人的回忆水平相同，但此后出现了差异；语义指令后，年轻人的表现变得格外出色。在非语义指令中添加有意成分，对年轻人回忆表现的益处比对老年人更大。在语义成分中添加有意成分，对年轻人的回忆表现有益，但对老年人无益。得出的结论是，在考虑回忆表现时，老年人比年轻人更难以同时处理两个指令成分。
