Lukowiak K
J Neurobiol. 1980 Nov;11(6):591-611. doi: 10.1002/neu.480110609.
The CNS and PNS interact and form an integrated system which mediates adaptive gill withdrawal reflex behaviors evoked by tactile stimulation of the siphon. The CNS exerts suppressive and facilitatory control over the PNS in the mediation of these behaviors. It was found that in Aplysia the CNS's supressive control over the PNS was significantly greater than in nonsatiated control animals. In the controls, the evoked gill reflex met a mimimal response amplitute criterion with the CNS and PNS present, while in the satiated group the reflex did not meet this criterion. In the control group, the relflex amplitute and the subsequent habituation were the same following removal of the CNS, while in satiated animals the reflex amplitude was larger and the rate of habituation slower with only the PNS intact. Satiation had no effect on young Aplysia since CNS control was not yet operable. It is thus of prime importance to take the "state" of the preparation into consideration in the analysis of the neural mechanisms that underlie adaptive gill reflex behaviors. The gill withdrawal reflex and its subsequent habituation evoked by repeated tactile stimulation of the siphon in Aplysia has been studied extensively in an attempt to gain an understanding of the neuronal mechanisms that underlie adaptive behavior (Jacklet and Lukowiak, 1975; Kandel, 1976). It has been found that the central (CNS) and peripheral(PNS) nervous systems in Aplysia interact and form an integrated system which normally mediates both the reflex and its subsequent habituation (Peretz, Jacklet, and Lukowaik, 1976; Lukowiak and Peretz, 1977). Further, it was found that in the integrated system the CNS exerted both suppressive and facilitatory control over the PNS in the mediation of gills reflex behaviors (Lukowiak, 1977a). Removal of only the CNS's suppressive control over the PNS, while leaving intact its facilitatory influence, resulted in a significant reduction in reflex latency, a significant increase in reflex amplitude, and a reflex that is resistant to habituation with repeated stimulation (Lukowiak, 1977a). In addition, it was found that an identifiable neuron, Ld9, could modulate the ability of the reflex to habituate (Lukowiak, 1979a). With induced tonic low-level activity in L9 the reflex evoked by repeated siphon stimulation did not habituate even though the synaptic decremental process which occurs in gill motor neurons such as L7 and accompanies gill reflex habituation (Castellucci et al., 1970) continued to occur. The neurons in abdominal ganglion, which by their activity exert control over the PNS and thus the reflex, have not yet been identified but it is known that these same neutrons apparently exert control over the synaptic input received by gill motor neurons such as L7 from the central sensory neurons (Byrne, Castellucci, and Kandel, 1974) as a result of siphon stimulation (Peretz and Lukowiak, 1975; Lukowiak and Peretz, 1980).
中枢神经系统（CNS）和外周神经系统（PNS）相互作用，形成一个整合系统，该系统介导由虹吸管触觉刺激引发的适应性鳃收缩反射行为。在这些行为的介导过程中，中枢神经系统对外周神经系统施加抑制性和易化性控制。研究发现，在海兔中，中枢神经系统对外周神经系统的抑制性控制明显强于未饱足的对照动物。在对照组中，当存在中枢神经系统和外周神经系统时，诱发的鳃反射达到最小反应幅度标准，而在饱足组中，反射未达到该标准。在对照组中，去除中枢神经系统后，反射幅度和随后的习惯化情况相同，而在仅外周神经系统完整的饱足动物中，反射幅度更大，习惯化速率更慢。饱足对幼体海兔没有影响，因为中枢神经系统的控制尚未起作用。因此，在分析适应性鳃反射行为背后的神经机制时，考虑标本的“状态”至关重要。为了理解适应性行为背后的神经元机制，人们对海兔中由虹吸管重复触觉刺激诱发的鳃收缩反射及其随后的习惯化进行了广泛研究（Jacklet和Lukowiak，1975；Kandel，1976）。研究发现，海兔的中枢神经系统（CNS）和外周神经系统（PNS）相互作用，形成一个整合系统，该系统通常介导反射及其随后的习惯化（Peretz、Jacklet和Lukowaik，1976；Lukowiak和Peretz，1977）。此外，研究发现，在这个整合系统中，中枢神经系统在鳃反射行为的介导过程中对外周神经系统既施加抑制性控制又施加易化性控制（Lukowiak，1977a）。仅去除中枢神经系统对外周神经系统的抑制性控制，同时保留其易化性影响，会导致反射潜伏期显著缩短、反射幅度显著增加，并且反射对重复刺激具有抗习惯化能力（Lukowiak，1977a）。此外，研究发现，一个可识别的神经元Ld9可以调节反射习惯化的能力（Lukowiak，1979a）。当L9诱导产生强直性低水平活动时，尽管在鳃运动神经元（如L7）中发生的、伴随鳃反射习惯化的突触递减过程（Castellucci等人，1970）仍在继续，但由重复虹吸管刺激诱发的反射并未习惯化。腹神经节中的神经元通过其活动对外周神经系统进而对反射施加控制，这些神经元尚未被识别，但已知这些相同的神经元显然在虹吸管刺激的结果下（Peretz和Lukowiak，1975；Lukowiak和Peretz，1980），对鳃运动神经元（如L7）从中央感觉神经元接收的突触输入施加控制（Byrne、Castellucci和Kandel，1974）。
