New models of the oculomotor mechanics based on data obtained with chronic muscle force transducers.

Several phenomenological models of the oculomotor mechanics that produce saccadic eye movements have been developed. These models have been based on measurements of macroscopic muscle and orbital tissue properties and measurements of eye kinematics during saccades. We recorded the forces generated by the medial and lateral recti during saccades in an alert, behaving monkey using chronically implanted force transducers. With this new data, we tested the ability of the classic saccade models to generate realistic muscle force profiles. Errors in the predictions of the classic saccade models led to a reexamination of the current models of extraocular muscle. Both a phenomenological, Hill-type muscle model and an approximation to Huxley's molecular level muscle model based on the cross-bridge mechanism of contraction (distribution moment model) were derived and studied for monkey extraocular muscle. Simulations of the distribution moment model led to insights suggesting (i) specific modifications in the lumped force/velocity relationship in the Hill-type model that resulted in this type of phenomenological model being able to generate realistic dynamics in extraocular muscle during saccades; (ii) the distribution of activity in the different fiber types in extraocular muscle may be central to the characteristics exhibited by the muscle during saccades; (iii) the transient properties of lengthening muscle such as yielding are not significant during saccades; and (iv) the series elastic component in active muscle may be predominantly generated by the elastic properties of the cross-bridges.