Thorneycroft I H
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile 36617, USA.
Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1995 Nov-Dec;38(3):243-54. doi: 10.1016/s0033-0620(95)80015-8.
Menopause is an endocrinopathy characterized by hypoestrogenism. Estrogen can be replaced easily. Available preparations can be taken by mouth, intramuscularly, transdermally, or transvaginally. Unopposed estrogens increase the risk of endometrial cancer, which can be overcome by the concomitant administration of a progestin agent. The progestin can be administered cyclically either every month, resulting in a monthly menses, or every 3 months, resulting in menses every 3 months. The progestin can also be administered every day, which achieves amenorrhea in over half of the patients; the remainder have breakthrough bleeding. Abnormal bleeding can be assessed by either endometrial biopsy or transvaginal ultrasound.
更年期是一种以雌激素缺乏为特征的内分泌疾病。雌激素很容易补充。现有的制剂可以口服、肌肉注射、经皮给药或经阴道给药。单纯使用雌激素会增加子宫内膜癌的风险，这可以通过同时使用孕激素来克服。孕激素可以每月周期性给药，导致每月行经一次；也可以每3个月给药一次，导致每3个月行经一次。孕激素也可以每天给药，超过半数的患者会出现闭经；其余患者会出现突破性出血。异常出血可以通过子宫内膜活检或经阴道超声进行评估。
