Gottlieb L N, Baillies J
School of Nursing, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Nurs Res. 1995 Nov-Dec;44(6):356-62.
Distress and autonomy behaviors were examined in 80 preschool children of pregnant mothers and nonexpectant mothers. Four groups of only children participated: three groups of 20 children of expectant mothers who were in their early, middle, or late stages of pregnancy and a comparison group of 20 children of nonexpectant mothers. The groups were balanced for age (young: 18 to 36 months; old: 37 to 60 months) and sex. At 12 weeks, young firstborn girls were more dependent than either young boys or older girls and boys. Firstborns in the middle pregnancy group were more dependent at 20 weeks than at 24 and 28 weeks; however, boys reacted more to separation and expressed more anger than did girls. During the late phase of pregnancy, boys reacted to separation more negatively than girls did only at 28 weeks. Old firstborns were generally more autonomous than young firstborns; however, by the 32nd week of pregnancy, the groups did not differ. Compared with children in the comparison group, those in the early pregnancy group showed fewer reactions to separation, and those in the middle pregnancy group were less dependent at 24 and 28 weeks. At 38 weeks of pregnancy, late pregnancy boys reacted less to separation and expressed less anger than did comparison group boys. Late pregnancy girls were angrier than boys in both the comparison and pregnancy groups.
对80名孕妇和未怀孕母亲的学龄前儿童的痛苦和自主行为进行了研究。四组独生子女参与了研究：三组为每组20名处于怀孕早期、中期 veya晚期的孕妇子女，以及一组由20名未怀孕母亲的子女组成的对照组。这些组在年龄（年幼：18至36个月；年长：37至60个月）和性别上保持平衡。在12周时，年幼的头胎女孩比年幼男孩或年长女孩和男孩更依赖他人。怀孕中期组的头胎在20周时比在24周和28周时更依赖他人；然而，男孩对分离的反应更大，比女孩表现出更多愤怒。在怀孕后期，男孩仅在28周时对分离的反应比女孩更消极。年长的头胎通常比年幼的头胎更自主；然而，到怀孕第32周时，这些组之间没有差异。与对照组儿童相比，怀孕早期组的儿童对分离的反应较少，怀孕中期组的儿童在24周和28周时依赖性较小。在怀孕38周时，怀孕后期的男孩对分离的反应比对照组男孩少，表现出的愤怒也较少。怀孕后期的女孩在对照组和怀孕组中都比男孩更愤怒。
