Duncan G J, Brooks-Gunn J, Klebanov P K
University of Michigan.
Child Dev. 1994 Apr;65(2 Spec No):296-318.
We consider 3 questions regarding the effects of economic deprivation on child development. First, how are developmental outcomes in childhood affected by poverty and such poverty correlates as single parenthood, ethnicity, and maternal education? Second, what are the developmental consequences of the duration and timing of family economic deprivation? And, third, what is the comparative influence of economic deprivation at the family and neighborhood level? We investigate these issues with longitudinal data from the Infant Health and Development Program. We find that family income and poverty status are powerful correlates of the cognitive development and behavior of children, even after accounting for other differences--in particular family structure and maternal schooling--between low- and high-income families. While the duration of poverty matters, its timing in early childhood does not. Age-5 IQs are found to be higher in neighborhoods with greater concentrations of affluent neighbors, while the prevalence of low-income neighbors appears to increase the incidence of externalizing behavior problems.
我们思考了3个关于经济匮乏对儿童发展影响的问题。第一，童年时期的发展结果如何受到贫困以及诸如单亲家庭、种族和母亲教育程度等贫困相关因素的影响？第二，家庭经济匮乏的持续时间和时机对发展有哪些后果？第三，家庭和邻里层面经济匮乏的比较影响是什么？我们利用来自婴儿健康与发展项目的纵向数据对这些问题进行研究。我们发现，即使在考虑了低收入和高收入家庭之间的其他差异——特别是家庭结构和母亲受教育程度——之后，家庭收入和贫困状况仍是儿童认知发展和行为的有力相关因素。虽然贫困的持续时间很重要，但其在幼儿期出现的时机并不重要。研究发现，在富裕邻居集中度更高的社区中，5岁儿童的智商更高，而低收入邻居的普遍存在似乎会增加外化行为问题的发生率。
