Kinjo H, Snodgrass J G
New York University, USA.
Am J Psychol. 2000 Spring;113(1):95-121.
The generation effect is the finding that self-generated stimuli are recalled and recognized better than read stimuli. The effect has been demonstrated primarily with words. This article examines the effect for pictures in two experiments: Subjects named complete pictures (name condition) and fragmented pictures (generation condition). In Experiment 1, memory was tested in 3 explicit tasks: free recall, yes/no recognition, and a source-monitoring task on whether each picture was complete or fragmented (the complete/incomplete task). The generation effect was found for all 3 tasks. However, in the recognition and source-monitoring tasks, the generation effect was observed only in the generation condition. We hypothesized that absence of the effect in the name condition was due to the sensory or process match effect between study and test pictures and the superior identification of pictures in the name condition. Therefore, stimuli were changed from pictures to their names in Experiment 2. Memory was tested in the recognition task, complete/incomplete task, and second source-monitoring task (success/failure) on whether each picture had been identified successfully. The generation effect was observed for all 3 tasks. These results suggest that memory of structural and semantic characteristics and of success in identification of generated pictures may contribute to the generation effect.
生成效应是指自我生成的刺激比阅读的刺激更容易被回忆和识别。这种效应主要在单词方面得到了证实。本文通过两个实验研究了图片的这种效应：让被试为完整图片（命名条件）和碎片化图片（生成条件）命名。在实验1中，通过3种显性任务测试记忆：自由回忆、是/否识别，以及关于每张图片是完整还是碎片化的来源监测任务（完整/不完整任务）。在所有这3项任务中均发现了生成效应。然而，在识别和来源监测任务中，仅在生成条件下观察到了生成效应。我们推测，命名条件下未出现该效应是由于学习和测试图片之间的感觉或过程匹配效应以及命名条件下对图片的更好识别。因此，在实验2中，将刺激从图片改为了它们的名称。通过识别任务、完整/不完整任务以及关于每张图片是否被成功识别的第二项来源监测任务（成功/失败）来测试记忆。在所有这3项任务中均观察到了生成效应。这些结果表明，对生成图片的结构和语义特征的记忆以及识别成功可能有助于产生生成效应。
