Ototoxic antibiotics: a review.

Fifty years of experience with aminoglycoside antibiotics has confirmed their usefulness in many infections with Gram-negative bacteria. The ototoxic action has been investigated clinically in patients and in numerous animal studies. The increased knowledge about molecular structure, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics as well as information of the site of action in the labyrinth has resulted in reduced risks for severe toxic damage in kidneys and in the ear. Nevertheless, a number of cases of severe hearing loss and a few cases of deafness still occur every year. Further studies on modified molecular structure as well as site of action at the molecular level and ways of avoiding toxicity will make this group of antibiotics still more useful.