Cooksey N R
Birth. 1995 Sep;22(3):129-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-536x.1995.tb00688.x.
The practice of pica during pregnancy is described in contemporary literature as the ingestion of nonfood substances and food staples in response to craving. A previously unnamed practice, olfactory craving of pregnancy, is the smelling by pregnant women of selected substances in response to craving, which may occur alone or with pica. Observations and descriptions of women's experiences of pica and olfactory craving were documented during individualized postpartum bedside instruction of 300 women at a midwestern hospital between 1992 and 1994. Most women were African American and low income. Eight themes about pica of pregnancy were keeping practices secret, singularity of the experience, obtaining the craved substance, fears for effects on the fetus, yielding or not yielding to cravings, use of substances as medication, pica and food intake, and sensory experiences other than taste. Three themes about olfactory craving of pregnancy were changes in sense of smell during pregnancy, types of craved substances and settings, and escalation in use during pregnancy. The clinical stages of pica and olfactory craving require further investigation, and perinatal caregivers have to seek and remove the barriers that cause pregnant women to isolate themselves with the practices that stem from these cravings.
当代文献将孕期异食癖描述为因渴望而摄入非食物物质和主食。一种此前未命名的孕期嗅觉渴望行为，是孕妇因渴望而闻特定物质，这种行为可能单独出现，也可能与异食癖同时发生。1992年至1994年间，在中西部一家医院对300名女性进行产后床边个性化指导时，记录了她们异食癖和嗅觉渴望经历的观察与描述。大多数女性是非裔美国人且收入较低。关于孕期异食癖的八个主题是对行为保密、经历的独特性、获取渴望的物质、对胎儿影响的担忧、屈从或不屈从于渴望、将物质用作药物、异食癖与食物摄入，以及除味觉外的感官体验。关于孕期嗅觉渴望的三个主题是孕期嗅觉的变化、渴望物质的类型和场景，以及孕期使用频率的增加。异食癖和嗅觉渴望的临床阶段需要进一步研究，围产期护理人员必须寻找并消除导致孕妇因这些渴望衍生的行为而自我孤立的障碍。
