Pilus biogenesis gene, pilC, of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: pilC1 and pilC2 are each part of a larger duplication of the gonococcal genome and share upstream and downstream homologous sequences with opa and pil loci.

Pili of Neisseria gonorrhoeae mediate attachment of the bacteria to target cells and undergo both phase and antigenic variation. PilC is a 110 kDa minor pilus-associated protein involved in pilus biogenesis and attachment. The expression of PilC is turned on and off at high frequency and is controlled by frameshift mutations in a run of G residues positioned in the region encoding the signal peptide. Most strains of N. gonorrhoeae carry two copies of pilC. The DNA sequence of pilC1 of strain MS11 is presented and compared to the sequence of the 3' end of pilC2. These two genes are highly homologous, but not identical. The putative transcriptional terminator of pilC1 contains a pair of inverted uptake sequences for gonococcal DNA (5'-GCCGTCTGAA-3'). An 88 bp sequence located upstream of the pilC1 gene has also been reported to precede several opa genes of N. gonorrhoeae. Shorter regions positioned both downstream and upstream of pilC1 can also be found in silent pil loci as well as close to opa genes. The pilC genes are part of a duplication of a larger DNA region extending more than 2 kb downstream of the coding region.