Piva G, Piva A
Istituto Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Facoltà di Agraria U.C.S.C., Piacenza, Italy.
Nat Toxins. 1995;3(4):238-41; discussion 242. doi: 10.1002/nt.2620030413.
Soybean seed, linseed, some cereals seeds, and their by-products are infected by Datura seed weed of different varieties. The most common Datura spp. noxious to the farm animals are D. stramonium (atropine alkaloid) and D. ferox (scopolamine, 98-100% of total alkaloids) mainly present in Europe and South America, respectively. The presence of alkaloids from Datura seeds in feedingstuffs may be responsible for chronic and/or subclinical toxic effects; acute poisoning from Datura seeds are rare. Pigs are the most sensitive animals to Datura poisoning, followed by cattle, horses, and chickens. Sheep and rabbits are indifferent to atropine presence in food because they synthesize the atropine esterase enzyme. The progressive atropine poisoning in pigs leads to a reduction of feed intake and growth, gastrointestinal motility and secretory activity, extreme mouth dryness, increased respiration and cardiac rate, pupil dilation, etc. Clinical symptoms are partly similar among different species. Toxic effects from Datura alkaloids presence in feeds showed possible variability of alkaloids content tolerated by pigs. In our recent trials, the threshold limit in pigs (20-60 kg live weight) was 1.5 mg alkaloids/kg of feed (1.21 mg alkaloids/kg l.w.75).
大豆种子、亚麻籽、一些谷物种子及其副产品会受到不同品种的曼陀罗种子杂草的感染。对农场动物有害的最常见曼陀罗属植物分别是曼陀罗（含阿托品生物碱）和毛曼陀罗（含东莨菪碱，占总生物碱的98 - 100%），主要分别存在于欧洲和南美洲。饲料中存在来自曼陀罗种子的生物碱可能会导致慢性和/或亚临床毒性作用；曼陀罗种子引起的急性中毒很少见。猪是对曼陀罗中毒最敏感的动物，其次是牛、马和鸡。绵羊和兔子对食物中阿托品的存在不敏感，因为它们能合成阿托品酯酶。猪的渐进性阿托品中毒会导致采食量和生长量减少、胃肠蠕动和分泌活动减弱、极度口干、呼吸和心率加快、瞳孔散大等。不同物种的临床症状部分相似。饲料中曼陀罗生物碱的毒性作用表明猪对生物碱含量的耐受可能存在差异。在我们最近的试验中，猪（体重20 - 60千克）的阈值为1.5毫克生物碱/千克饲料（1.21毫克生物碱/千克体重75）。
