Federici B A
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1995 Jun;11(2 Pt 2):260-8.
Insect vectors of human diseases are subject to diseases of their own caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and nematodes. Over the past 30 years, many members of these groups have been evaluated as vector control agents, particularly for mosquito control. Most pathogens and nematodes occur primarily in larvae, and are only effective against this stage. The principal candidate control agents studied include iridescent and nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus, the fungi Lagenidium giganteum, Culicinomyces clavosporus, and species of the genus Coelomomyces, the protozoan Nosema algerae, and the mermithid nematode Romanomermis culicivorax. Of these, the only one considered an operational success is the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (B.t.i.), which has proven useful for control of both mosquito and blackfly larvae in programs where larviciding has been traditionally employed as a vector control tactic. The reasons for the success of B.t.i. are its cost-effectiveness and relative ease of use, which are due, respectively, to the ability of B.t.i. to be grown on artificial media and the development of formulations that can be applied using conventional insecticide application technology. Because few microbial insecticides are cost-effective, and those that are are only effective against larvae, these agents will likely play only a minor, but in some cases important, role in most future vector control programs.
人类疾病的昆虫传播媒介自身也会感染由病毒、细菌、真菌、原生动物和线虫引起的疾病。在过去30年里，这些类群中的许多成员已被评估用作病媒控制剂，尤其是用于控制蚊子。大多数病原体和线虫主要出现在幼虫阶段，并且仅对该阶段有效。研究的主要候选控制剂包括虹彩病毒和核型多角体病毒、苏云金芽孢杆菌和球形芽孢杆菌、巨大拉格菌、棒孢库蚊菌以及腔孢菌属的一些物种、原生动物阿尔及利亚微孢子虫和食蚊索线虫。其中，唯一被认为取得实际成功的是苏云金芽孢杆菌以色列亚种（B.t.i.），在传统上将杀幼虫剂用作病媒控制策略的项目中，它已被证明对控制蚊子和蚋幼虫都很有用。B.t.i.取得成功的原因在于其成本效益和相对易用性，这分别归因于B.t.i.能够在人工培养基上生长以及开发出了可以使用传统杀虫剂施用技术进行施用的制剂。由于很少有微生物杀虫剂具有成本效益，而且那些有成本效益的仅对幼虫有效，因此这些制剂在大多数未来的病媒控制项目中可能只会发挥次要但在某些情况下很重要的作用。
