Pipano E
Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel.
Vet Parasitol. 1995 Mar;57(1-3):213-31. doi: 10.1016/0304-4017(94)03122-d.
Live vaccines against hemoparasitic diseases in livestock are based on parasites derived from culture (Theileria annulata), from blood of infected animals (Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Anaplasma centrale, (attenuated) Anaplasma marginale and Cowdria ruminantium), and from ticks (Theileria parva). The T. annulata attenuated cultured schizont vaccine is safe for all varieties of cattle. Blood derived vaccines are recommended mainly for young cattle, the age limit varying with the different vaccines and breeds of cattle. In older animals, monitoring of the individual response is needed. Immunization against T. parva requires simultaneous or postinoculation chemotherapy. The potential for accidental transmission of disease agents exists with all blood derived vaccines. Various degrees of resistance to field infection have been reported in animals immunized with live vaccines. Nevertheless, all of them engender a level of protection against natural challenge that justifies their use in field vaccination. Chemotherapy or chemoprophylaxis may prevent establishment of infection with the vaccinal parasites, and thus may interfere with elaboration of immunity. Outbreaks of disease in vaccinated herds, caused by antigenic variants among the tick-transmitted parasites, have been observed mainly in Babesia infections. In recent years, the main efforts towards improvement of live vaccines have been in the direction of replacing blood- and tick-derived parasites by those cultured in vitro under controlled standardized conditions.
用于家畜血液寄生虫病的活疫苗是基于源自培养物（环形泰勒虫）、感染动物血液（牛巴贝斯虫、双芽巴贝斯虫、中央无浆体、（减毒的）边缘无浆体和反刍动物考德里氏体）以及蜱（小泰勒虫）的寄生虫制成的。环形泰勒虫减毒培养裂殖体疫苗对所有品种的牛都安全。血液来源的疫苗主要推荐用于小牛，年龄限制因不同疫苗和牛的品种而异。对于成年动物，需要监测个体反应。针对小泰勒虫的免疫需要同时或接种后进行化疗。所有血液来源的疫苗都存在意外传播病原体的可能性。在用活疫苗免疫的动物中，已报道了对野外感染的不同程度的抵抗力。然而，它们都能产生一定程度的针对自然攻击的保护作用，这证明了它们在野外疫苗接种中的应用价值。化疗或化学预防可能会阻止接种寄生虫的感染建立，从而可能干扰免疫的形成。在接种疫苗的牛群中，由蜱传播的寄生虫中的抗原变异体引起的疾病暴发主要在巴贝斯虫感染中观察到。近年来，改进活疫苗的主要努力方向是用在受控标准化条件下体外培养的寄生虫替代血液和蜱来源的寄生虫。
