Fulminant hepatic failure: pathophysiology, treatment, and survival.

Fulminant hepatic failure is characterized by severe metabolic derangements, neurologic complications and, ultimately, multiorgan failure. In the past three decades, improved intensive care has increased mean survival from 15% to 50% in certain patient groups by providing metabolic support and management of specific, frequent, and potentially fatal complications. However, outcome remains highly dependent on etiology. While intensive care is sufficient therapy in some patients (Group I), those with irreparable hepatic damage (Group III) can only survive if transplanted. In intermediate cases (Group II), the liver retains the potential to regenerate if the patient receives hepatic functional support. Major areas of current research in this field include development of hepatic support devices, strategies to accelerate and maximize hepatic regeneration, and criteria for accurate prognostic classification of patients.