Zabrucky K, Moore D
Department of Educational Psychology and Special Education, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30303, USA.
Exp Aging Res. 1995 Apr-Jun;21(2):143-58. doi: 10.1080/03610739508254274.
We examined differences in the elaborative statements produced by younger (mean age = 22.19) and older (mean age = 76.56) adults during text recall as well as relations between elaborative statements and text recall and working memory. Three types of elaborative statements were examined: personal (reactions to a text), inferential (inferences derivable about a text), and metacognitive (statements concerning understanding or memory of a text). Older adults made more personal elaborations during text recall than did younger adults. Younger and older adults did not differ in the amount of inferential or metacognitive elaborations they made, although all adults made more metacognitive comments when texts contained problematic information. Personal elaborations were negatively related to recall and accounted for a substantial portion of the age-related variance in recall. Personal elaborations were also negatively related to processing efficiency, and relations between personal elaborations and working memory and storage capacity were mediated by processing efficiency. The results are consistent with the view that an age-related increase in non-goal-path thoughts, due to inhibitory problems or a different style of text processing, may be related to age-related deficits in text processing.
我们研究了年轻人（平均年龄 = 22.19岁）和老年人（平均年龄 = 76.56岁）在文本回忆过程中产生的详尽阐述性陈述的差异，以及详尽阐述性陈述与文本回忆和工作记忆之间的关系。我们考察了三种类型的详尽阐述性陈述：个人的（对文本的反应）、推理的（从文本中可得出的推断）和元认知的（关于对文本的理解或记忆的陈述）。老年人在文本回忆过程中比年轻人做出了更多的个人详尽阐述。年轻人和老年人在推理或元认知详尽阐述的数量上没有差异，尽管当文本包含有问题的信息时，所有成年人都会做出更多的元认知评论。个人详尽阐述与回忆呈负相关，并在与年龄相关的回忆差异中占很大一部分。个人详尽阐述也与加工效率呈负相关，个人详尽阐述与工作记忆和存储容量之间的关系是由加工效率介导的。这些结果与这样一种观点一致，即由于抑制问题或不同的文本加工方式，与年龄相关的非目标路径思维增加可能与文本加工中与年龄相关的缺陷有关。
