Jänig W
Physiologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany.
Eur J Anaesthesiol Suppl. 1995 May;10:53-60.
Pain and similar stressful behavioural states are characterized by organized neural responses of the somatomotor, somatosensory (analgesia), autonomic and neuroendocrine systems. These defensive behaviours consist of confrontational defence, flight and quiescence. These integrated reactions of the sympathetic nervous system are well-orchestrated responses of the different sympathetic pathways to cardiovascular and other target organs which prepare the body to meet threatening challenges. The neural basis of the autonomic reactions is to be found in the target-organ specific organization of the sympathetic pathways in the periphery and neuraxis. The spinal reflex pathways are relatively specific for putative nociceptive responses of the sympathetic nervous systems. The medulla oblongata and hypothalamus contain the circuits for the specific homeostatic regulations in which the sympathetic nervous system is involved. The mesencephalon (lateral and ventrolateral periaqueductal grey) and hypothalamus contain the neuronal programmes for the defensive mechanisms which are switched on when the organism is in pain and under stress.
疼痛和类似的应激行为状态的特征是躯体运动、躯体感觉（镇痛）、自主神经和神经内分泌系统的有组织的神经反应。这些防御行为包括对抗性防御、逃跑和静止。交感神经系统的这些综合反应是不同交感神经通路对心血管和其他靶器官精心编排的反应，使身体做好应对威胁性挑战的准备。自主反应的神经基础存在于外周和神经轴中交感神经通路的靶器官特异性组织中。脊髓反射通路相对特定于交感神经系统假定的伤害性反应。延髓和下丘脑包含交感神经系统参与的特定稳态调节回路。中脑（外侧和腹外侧导水管周围灰质）和下丘脑包含防御机制的神经元程序，当机体处于疼痛和应激状态时这些程序会被开启。
