Listener adaptive characteristics of vowel devoicing in Japanese dialogue.

Listener adapative characteristics of Japanese vowel devoicing were investigated by analyzing (i) dialogues between professional teachers and hearing-impaired (HI) or normal-hearing (NH) children, and (ii) speech samples read by the teachers as fast and clearly as possible (RD). The teachers reduced the devoicing rate and lengthened the moras more in the HI vs NH samples, and even more in the HI vs RD samples. A logistic regression analysis of the devoicing rate suggests that the speech rate dependency of the devoicing rate is different among the HI, NH, and RD samples. When moras are lengthened, the predicted devoicing rate decreases more for the HI vs NH samples, and even more in the HI vs RD samples, suggesting that not only rate-dependent adjustments but also rate-independent adjustments significantly affect devoicing reduction. These results suggest the following: (1) Professional teachers of hearing-impaired children reduce their devoicing not only by lengthening the interval of successive voicing/devoicing gestures, but also by resizing component gestures to some extent, probably to improve the listener's comprehension; (2) vowel devoicing should be represented in terms of parameters of speech motor control; (3) it may be possible to develop an optimized communication method for hearing-impaired children by simulating such listener-adaptive adjustments in speech production.