Three genes that encode human beta-galactoside alpha 2,3-sialyltransferases. Structural analysis and chromosomal mapping studies.

The synthesis of alpha 2,3-linked sialic acid to Gal(beta 1,3)GalNAc is mediated by at least three beta-galactoside alpha 2,3-sialyltransferases (EC 2.4.99.4, SiaT-4) that are encoded by three distinct genes. In contrast, only a single gene encodes the beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase (EC 2.4.99.1, SiaT-1). This report assesses the relationship and nature of the SiaT-4 genes. Analysis of human-mouse somatic cell hybrids demonstrates that the sialyltransferase genes are dispersed in the human genome. The gene for SiaT-4 resides in chromosome 8, that for SiaT-4b resides in p21-p34 of chromosome 1 and that for SiaT-4c in q23.3-qter of chromosome 11. The gene symbols for these genes have been designated SIAT4A, SIAT4B and SIAT4C, respectively. To assess the structural organization of one of the SiaT-4 genes, a human SiaT-4a cDNA from submaxillary glands was isolated and characterized. Rapid amplification of cDNA 5' ends (5'-RACE) analysis indicates an unusually long 1 kb 5'-untranslated leader. The catalytic domain of the cloned sequence was expressed in transfected cells and was shown to be competent in mediating the specific synthesis of sialic acid alpha 2,3 to Gal(beta 1,3)GalNAc-R. Genomic sequences for SiaT-4a were also isolated and examined. The data demonstrate that coding information for SiaT-4a protein is dispersed into seven discrete exon segments in a manner reminiscent of the SiaT-1 gene. Furthermore, as in the SiaT-1 gene, intervening sequences interrupt both sialylmotif domains, regions that are conserved among all known sialyltransferases.