Effect of carboxyl mutations on functional properties of bovine rhodopsin.

Bovine rod rhodopsin and membrane-carboxyl group mutants are expressed using the recombinant baculovirus expression system. Biosynthesis of wild-type and the mutant D83N is normal. The mutations E122L and E134D/R affect glycosylation and translocation. After regeneration, purification and reconstitution in retina lipids a wild-type photosensitive pigment with spectral and photolytic properties identical to native bovine rod rhodopsin is generated. Only the mutations D83N and E122L affect the spectral properties and then only slightly. All mutations induce a shift in the Meta I<==>Meta II equilibrium towards Meta I (E134D/R) or Meta II (D83N, E122L). FT-IR analysis shows that the mutation E134D/R does not significantly affect the carboxyl-vibration region but, in particular in the case of E134R, affects secondary structural changes upon Meta II formation. E122L also has an effect on secondary structural changes and in addition eliminates a negative band at 1728 cm-1. The mutation D83N removes a pair of negative/positive bands from the carboxyl-vibration region, indicating that Asp83 stays protonated upon formation of Meta II but undergoes a change in hydrogen bonding.