Zartarian V G, Streicker J, Rivera A, Cornejo C S, Molina S, Valadez O F, Leckie J O
Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, California, USA.
J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1995 Jan-Mar;5(1):21-34.
A pesticide exposure assessment pilot study was conducted in Salinas Valley, California during September, 1993. The pilot study had two main purposes: 1) to develop general methodologies for videotaping micro-activities of a population, and 2) to collect an initial database of activity patterns of two- to four-year-old farm labor children. Tools to accurately determine exposure and dose through all three pathways (dermal, ingestion, and inhalation) are needed to effectively assess and manage health risks posed by pesticides and other environmental pollutants. Eight to ten hours of videotape data were collected for each of four Mexican-American farm labor children. In addition, the researchers administered a day-after recall questionnaire to the caregivers of the children to test (for the study sample) the hypothesis that recall questionnaires are inadequate for collecting detailed information regarding dermal and hand-to-mouth exposures. The results of this study provide the first detailed set of videotape data on farm labor children, a population at high risk to pesticide exposures. In addition, this is the first project in the exposure assessment field to use direct observation videotaping for collecting micro-activity data in order to quantify dermal and ingestion exposure. The comparison of caregivers' recall of children's activities to actual videotapes from the pilot study supports the hypothesis that videotaping may greatly improve the accuracy of activity information used to compute dermal and ingestion exposures. However, as it was clear that the researchers' presence in some cases altered the activities of the subjects, further experiments need to be conducted to minimize interference of videotaping on exposure-related activities. This paper explains the selection of the study population, the methods used to implement the pilot study, and the lessons learned. While the discussion focuses on four case studies in the Mexican-American farm labor population, the data collection methods developed and the lessons learned can be applied to other populations.
1993年9月，在加利福尼亚州的萨利纳斯山谷开展了一项农药暴露评估试点研究。该试点研究有两个主要目的：1）开发用于拍摄人群微观活动的通用方法，2）收集2至4岁农场劳工子女活动模式的初始数据库。为有效评估和管理农药及其他环境污染物带来的健康风险，需要通过所有三种途径（皮肤、摄入和吸入）准确确定暴露和剂量的工具。为四名墨西哥裔美国农场劳工子女中的每一个收集了8至10小时的录像带数据。此外，研究人员向儿童的照料者发放了一份事后回忆调查问卷，以检验（针对研究样本）回忆调查问卷不足以收集有关皮肤暴露和手口暴露详细信息的假设。这项研究的结果提供了关于农场劳工子女的第一组详细录像带数据，这是一个农药暴露风险很高的人群。此外，这是暴露评估领域中第一个使用直接观察录像来收集微观活动数据以量化皮肤和摄入暴露的项目。将照料者对儿童活动的回忆与试点研究中的实际录像进行比较，支持了录像可能大大提高用于计算皮肤和摄入暴露的活动信息准确性的假设。然而，由于很明显研究人员在某些情况下改变了受试者的活动，需要进行进一步的实验，以尽量减少录像对与暴露相关活动的干扰。本文解释了研究人群的选择、实施试点研究所用的方法以及所吸取的经验教训。虽然讨论集中在墨西哥裔美国农场劳工人群中的四个案例研究，但所开发的数据收集方法和所吸取的经验教训可应用于其他人群。
