Anatomical and morphological evaluation of pacemaker lead compression.

In recent years, pacemaker lead failure due to compressive damage has been reported with increasing frequency. To document the mechanism of this failure, we evaluated explanted mechanically damaged leads with electrical testing, optical microscopy, and in some cases, scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, we performed an autopsy study to measure the compressive loads on catheters placed percutaneously through the costoclavicular angle, as well as by cephalic cutdown. Of the 49 explanted compression damaged leads with enough clinical data for analysis, all had been placed by percutaneous subclavian puncture. Our autopsy data confirmed the significant increase in pressures generated in the costoclavicular angle for medial percutaneous subclavian catheterization (126 +/- 26 mmHg) compared to a more lateral percutaneous subclavian puncture (63 +/- 15 mmHg) or a cephalic cutdown (38 +/- 13 mmHg) (P < 0.01). In vivo coil compression testing documented loads up to 100 pounds per linear inch of coil and a compressive morphology by SEM identical to that seen in the clinical explants. Pacemaker leads appear to be susceptible to compression damage when placed by subclavian venipuncture. When possible, leads should be placed such that they avoid the tight costoclavicular angle.