Miller J E, Lindsay S W, Armstrong Schellenberg J R, Adiamah J, Jawara M, Curtis C F
Department of Medical Parasitology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, U.K.
Med Vet Entomol. 1995 Jan;9(1):43-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.1995.tb00115.x.
A village-scale field trial of pyrethroid-impregnated mosquito nets was undertaken in The Gambia, West Africa, in the Mandinka village of Saruja (13 degrees 13'N, 14 degrees 55'W) during July-November 1989. Nearly all the villagers possessed and used their own bednets. Anopheles gambiae is the main vector of human malaria in the area. An experimental wash-resistant formulation of permethrin was compared with standard emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations of permethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, versus placebo-treated bednets. Target concentrations of pyrethroids on bednets were permethrin 500 mg/m2 and lambda-cyhalothrin 25 mg/m2. The experimental design involved random allocation of a treatment to one net per family. Whereas 68% of people questioned said they washed their nets fortnightly, observations during the 16-week trial period showed that only 4/130 (3%) of nets involved in the trial had been washed as frequently as once per month. Early morning searches for mosquitoes under bednets (1 day/week for 16 weeks) found significantly more mosquitoes (60% An.gambiae) in placebo-treated nets than in pyrethroid-treated nets. The numbers found with each of the three pyrethroid treatments did not differ significantly from each other. Insecticidal efficacy of the treatments was tested by bioassays using wild-caught unfed mosquitoes exposed to netting for 3 min. Linear regression analysis of bioassay mortality against number of times that a net had been washed by villagers showed that nets impregnated with the wash-resistant permethrin retained their insecticidal properties better than nets impregnated with lambda-cyhalothrin or with the standard permethrin formulation.
1989年7月至11月期间，在西非冈比亚的曼丁卡族村庄萨鲁贾（北纬13度13分，西经14度55分）进行了一项关于拟除虫菊酯浸渍蚊帐的村级田间试验。几乎所有村民都拥有并使用自己的蚊帐。冈比亚按蚊是该地区人类疟疾的主要传播媒介。将一种实验性的耐洗氯菊酯制剂与氯菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯的标准乳油（EC）制剂进行比较，对照安慰剂处理的蚊帐。蚊帐上拟除虫菊酯的目标浓度为氯菊酯500毫克/平方米和高效氯氟氰菊酯25毫克/平方米。实验设计包括为每个家庭的一张蚊帐随机分配一种处理方法。虽然68%接受询问的人表示他们每两周清洗一次蚊帐，但在为期16周的试验期间的观察表明，参与试验的蚊帐中只有4/130（3%）被清洗得像每月一次那么频繁。清晨在蚊帐下搜索蚊子（每周1天，共16周）发现，安慰剂处理的蚊帐中的蚊子（60%为冈比亚按蚊）明显多于拟除虫菊酯处理的蚊帐。三种拟除虫菊酯处理方法各自发现的蚊子数量彼此之间没有显著差异。通过使用野生捕获的未进食蚊子接触蚊帐3分钟进行生物测定来测试处理方法的杀虫效果。对生物测定死亡率与村民清洗蚊帐次数进行线性回归分析表明，用耐洗氯菊酯浸渍的蚊帐比用高效氯氟氰菊酯或标准氯菊酯制剂浸渍的蚊帐更好地保持了其杀虫性能。
