Birenbaum-Carmeli D
Health Care Women Int. 1995 Jan-Feb;16(1):57-73. doi: 10.1080/07399339509516157.
The social, medical, and legal aspects of maternal smoking during pregnancy are examined. Increasing social awareness of the fetus as a human being is described as emanating largely from modern prenatal screening technologies. Medical findings concerning the harms of maternal smoking to the fetus and developing child are then reviewed. The legal literature is considered within the context of women's rights. Two major trends are identified. The first is the prosecution of harmful maternal behaviors, and the second is extensive public education. It is asserted that despite repeated calls for action, actual attempts to help pregnant women quit smoking are meager. This finding is interpreted as resulting from the unclear status of both the fetus and smoking in general and from increased awareness of women's rights.
本文探讨了孕期母亲吸烟的社会、医学和法律层面。现代产前筛查技术在很大程度上提高了社会对胎儿作为人的认知。接着回顾了有关母亲吸烟对胎儿和发育中儿童危害的医学研究结果。在妇女权利的背景下审视了法律文献。确定了两个主要趋势。第一个是对有害母亲行为的起诉，第二个是广泛的公众教育。尽管多次呼吁采取行动，但实际帮助孕妇戒烟的努力却很少。这一发现被解释为是由于胎儿和吸烟的总体地位不明确以及妇女权利意识增强所致。
