Blatt S J, Zohar A H, Quinlan D M, Zuroff D C, Mongrain M
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519-1110, USA.
J Pers Assess. 1995 Apr;64(2):319-39. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa6402_11.
Recent theoretical formulations differentiate two types of depressive experiences: one focused on interpersonal issues, such as loss, abandonment, and loneliness; the other focused on issues of self-esteem, such as failure, guilt, and lack of self-worth and autonomy. The Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ; Blatt, D'Afflitti, & Quinlan, 1976, 1979) assesses these two types of depression. Symptom-based measures of depression (i.e., the Beck Depression Inventory, Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979) have highly significant correlations with the DEQ Self-Criticism factor but only marginally significant correlations with the DEQ Dependency (or interpersonal) factor. Through the use of facet theory and Smallest Space Analysis (Guttman, 1982a), two facets were identified within the DEQ Dependency factor that appear to assess two different levels of interpersonal relatedness. One facet, labelled dependence, includes items expressing feelings of helplessness; fears and apprehensions about separation and rejection; and intense, broad-ranging concerns about possible loss unrelated to a particular relationship. The second facet, labelled relatedness, includes items that consider feelings of loss and loneliness in reaction to disruption of a relationship with a particular person. The dependence facet had significantly higher correlations with measures of depression, whereas the relatedness facet had significantly higher correlations with measures of psychological well-being, especially in women. Thus, the DEQ Dependency factor appears to contain two facets that assess interpersonal relatedness at different developmental levels and correlate differentially with measures of depression and of psychological well-being.
一种聚焦于人际问题，如丧失、被抛弃和孤独感；另一种聚焦于自尊问题，如失败、内疚以及缺乏自我价值感和自主性。抑郁体验问卷（DEQ；布拉特、达菲利蒂和昆兰，1976年、1979年）对这两种抑郁类型进行评估。基于症状的抑郁量表（即贝克抑郁量表，贝克、拉什、肖和埃默里，1979年）与DEQ自我批评因子具有高度显著的相关性，但与DEQ依赖（或人际）因子仅具有边缘显著相关性。通过运用层面理论和最小空间分析（古特曼，1982a），在DEQ依赖因子中识别出两个层面，它们似乎评估了两种不同水平的人际相关性。一个层面标记为依赖，包括表达无助感的项目；对分离和被拒绝的恐惧与担忧；以及对与特定关系无关的可能丧失的强烈、广泛的担忧。第二个层面标记为相关性，包括考虑因与特定人物关系中断而产生的失落感和孤独感的项目。依赖层面与抑郁量表的相关性显著更高，而相关性层面与心理健康量表的相关性显著更高，尤其是在女性中。因此，DEQ依赖因子似乎包含两个层面，它们在不同发展水平上评估人际相关性，并且与抑郁量表和心理健康量表的相关性存在差异。
