Morris P D
Environmental Epidemiology Section, North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources, Raleigh 27611, USA.
Environ Res. 1995 Jan;68(1):3-9. doi: 10.1006/enrs.1995.1002.
There is considerable evidence that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the home increases the risk of lung cancer in female nonsmokers. A risk assessment was conducted to estimate the lifetime excess risk of death from lung cancer for a U.S. female never-smoker exposed to ETS in different settings. Relative risks for social and occupational exposures were calculated using a relative risk of 1.185 for home exposure (calculated from a recent metaanalysis of U.S. studies) and the results of studies that compare home exposure to exposures outside the home. Each relative risk was used to convert lung cancer mortality rates for U.S. female never-smokers into a lifetime excess risk, using a formula which accounts for competing causes of death. The excess risk for home exposure is 6.5 x 10(-4) (6.5 excess deaths per 10,000 never-smokers). For social and overall workplace exposures, excess risks range from 1.4 x 10(-4) to 3.6 x 10(-4) and from 9.8 x 10(-6) to 1.4 x 10(-4), respectively. Exposures in offices, restaurants, and bars result in excess risks that range from 1.5 x 10(-4) to 9.0 x 10(-4). All of these estimates are greater than an acceptable risk level of 10(-6). The results of this analysis support efforts to restrict or eliminate smoking in public places and work sites.
有大量证据表明，在家中接触环境烟草烟雾（ETS）会增加女性非吸烟者患肺癌的风险。进行了一项风险评估，以估计在美国不同环境中接触ETS的女性从不吸烟者患肺癌的终身超额死亡风险。使用家庭接触的相对风险1.185（根据美国近期研究的荟萃分析计算得出）以及比较家庭接触与家庭外接触的研究结果，计算社会和职业接触的相对风险。使用一个考虑了竞争性死亡原因的公式，将每个相对风险用于将美国女性从不吸烟者的肺癌死亡率转换为终身超额风险。家庭接触的超额风险为6.5×10⁻⁴（每10,000名从不吸烟者中有6.5例超额死亡）。对于社会和整体工作场所接触，超额风险分别为1.4×10⁻⁴至3.6×10⁻⁴以及9.8×10⁻⁶至1.4×10⁻⁴。在办公室、餐馆和酒吧的接触导致的超额风险范围为1.5×10⁻⁴至9.0×10⁻⁴。所有这些估计值都高于可接受的风险水平10⁻⁶。该分析结果支持在公共场所和工作场所限制或消除吸烟的努力。
