Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
J Dent Res. 2012 Feb;91(2):142-9. doi: 10.1177/0022034511421200. Epub 2011 Aug 29.
Cigarette smoke (CS) causes considerable morbidity and mortality by inducing cancer, chronic lung and vascular diseases, and oral disease. Despite the well-recognized risks associated with smoking, the habit remains unacceptably prevalent. Several toxins present in CS have immunomodulatory effects. CS also contains trace amounts of microbial cell components, including bacterial lipopolysaccharide. These and other CS constituents induce chronic inflammation at mucosal surfaces and modify host responses to exogenous antigens. The effects of CS on immunity are far-reaching and complex; both pro-inflammatory and suppressive effects may be induced. The net effect of CS on immunity depends on many variables, including the dose and type of tobacco, the route and chronicity of exposure, and the presence of other factors at the time of immune cell stimulation, such as Toll receptor ligands or other inflammatory mediators. CS impairs innate defenses against pathogens, modulates antigen presentation, and promotes autoimmunity. CS also impairs immunity in the oral cavity and promotes gingival and periodontal disease and oral cancer. The recognition of specific mechanisms by which CS affects host immunity is an important step toward elucidating mechanisms of tobacco-induced disease and may identify novel therapeutic approaches for the management of diseases that afflict smokers.
香烟烟雾（CS）通过诱导癌症、慢性肺部和血管疾病以及口腔疾病，导致相当大的发病率和死亡率。尽管与吸烟相关的风险已得到广泛认识，但这种习惯仍然令人无法接受地普遍存在。CS 中存在几种具有免疫调节作用的毒素。CS 还含有痕量的微生物细胞成分，包括细菌脂多糖。这些和其他 CS 成分会在黏膜表面引起慢性炎症，并改变宿主对外源抗原的反应。CS 对免疫的影响是深远而复杂的；可能会引起促炎和抑制作用。CS 对免疫的净效应取决于许多变量，包括烟草的剂量和类型、暴露的途径和慢性程度，以及在免疫细胞刺激时是否存在其他因素，如 Toll 受体配体或其他炎症介质。CS 会削弱对病原体的先天防御，调节抗原呈递，并促进自身免疫。CS 还会损害口腔中的免疫，促进牙龈和牙周疾病以及口腔癌。识别 CS 影响宿主免疫的具体机制是阐明烟草诱导疾病机制的重要步骤，并且可能为管理困扰吸烟者的疾病确定新的治疗方法。
