The influence of the 2-amino group of guanine on DNA conformation. Uranyl and DNase I probing of inosine/diaminopurine substituted DNA.

The conformation of the DNA helix is supposed to be a critical element in site-specific recognition by ligands both large and small. Groove width is one important measure of the conformation which varies with the local nucleotide composition, perhaps because of the presence of a purine 2-amino group on G.C base pairs. We have probed DNA with G-->inosine (I) and/or A-->diaminopurine (DAP) substitutions to see whether the location of the purine 2-amino group can indeed affect the minor groove width. At acid pH, the reactivity towards uranyl nitrate is modulated in substituted DNA quite differently from natural DNA, consistent with a marked narrowing of the minor groove at sites of G-->I substitution and widening at sites of A-->DAP replacement. The latter exerts the dominant effect. The expected changes in conformation are equally evident in the patterns of susceptibility to DNase I cleavage, but not to hydroxyl radical attack. Nuclease cleavage is maximal in normal and substituted DNA at regions of inferred moderate groove width which are generally little affected by the nucleotide substitutions. Consistent with models of sequence-dependent cutting by DNase I we find that the presence of a purine 2-amino group on the base pair three places upstream of the cutting site has a profound influence on the rate of reaction.