Percheron G, Fénelon G, Leroux-Hugon V, Fève A
Laboratoire de Neuromorphologie informationnelle, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
Rev Neurol (Paris). 1994 Aug-Sep;150(8-9):543-54.
Initially, basal ganglia was a descriptive term for onto- and phylogenetic or topographic classifications. A variable list of structures were included as basal ganglia. A major step was made when the thalamus was separated from the "striated bodies" (Vic d'Azyr, 1786) which was sometimes taken into account in the French description of the noyaux gris centraux. Even if the term is not perfect, it is preferable to "the system of basal ganglia". The subdivisions of the putamen, the distinction between the striatum and the pallidum were not really made until the beginning of the twentieth century. Modern tracing methods were needed to demonstrate the main connections. It was not until the end of the 1960s that the importance of the striato-pallido-nigral network within the basal ganglia and the cortico-striatal connections, the main afferent system, were recognized. With the description of the cortico-striatal connections, the sub-cortical system with multiple complex "loops" was questioned. The term "extra-pyramidal system" had an exaggerated success. Initially, it designated descending non-pyramidal afferents (some which do not exist) and their source. In 1992, Spatz based his separation of this heterogeneous group on the iron content. The terms of extra-pyramidal "system" and "syndrome" should be abandoned by clinicians. Physiological interpretations have varied. The role of automatic "habitual" motricity, derived from a concept of hierarchic, Jacksonian cerebral organization, was questioned when the pyramidal network was described. Clinico-pathological analysis (hemiballism, Parkinson's disease ...) has placed new emphasis on the motor role, for a time the only role accepted as real. More recently, debate has centred on other roles, particularly in cognition and motivation. An illustration of functions other than purely motor functions of the basal ganglia is given by the syndromes of loss of psychic auto-activation secondary to bilateral lesions.
最初，基底神经节是一个用于本体发育、系统发育或地形学分类的描述性术语。基底神经节包含一系列不同的结构。当丘脑从“纹状体”（维克·德阿齐尔，1786年）中分离出来时，这是一个重要的进展，“纹状体”在法国对中央灰质核团的描述中有时会被考虑在内。即使这个术语并不完美，但它比“基底神经节系统”更可取。直到20世纪初，壳核的细分、纹状体和苍白球之间的区别才真正得以明确。需要现代追踪方法来证明主要的连接。直到20世纪60年代末，基底神经节内纹状体 - 苍白球 - 黑质网络以及主要传入系统皮质 - 纹状体连接的重要性才被认识到。随着皮质 - 纹状体连接的描述，具有多个复杂“环路”的皮质下系统受到了质疑。“锥体外系”这个术语曾获得过过度的认可。最初，它指的是下行的非锥体传入纤维（有些并不存在）及其来源。1992年，施帕茨根据铁含量对这个异质群体进行了分类。临床医生应该摒弃“锥体外系”“综合征”这样的术语。生理学解释各不相同。当描述锥体网络时，源自杰克逊式大脑层级组织概念的自动“习惯性”运动功能的作用受到了质疑。临床病理分析（偏身投掷症、帕金森病……）一度重新强调了运动功能这一当时唯一被认为是真实的作用。最近，争论集中在其他作用上，尤其是在认知和动机方面。双侧病变继发的精神自动激活丧失综合征就是基底神经节非纯运动功能的一个例证。
