Rolls E T
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, England.
Rev Neurol (Paris). 1994 Aug-Sep;150(8-9):648-60.
The striatum receives inputs from different areas of the cerebral cortex, including association cortical areas far on in the hierarchy of cortical information processing as well as the sensori-motor cortex, and has connections via the globus pallidus and substantia nigra to the thalamus and thence to premotor and prefrontal cortical areas. Recordings of the activity of neurons in different parts of the striatum of primates show that they have the following properties: 1) neurons in much of the putamen, which receives inputs from the sensori-motor cortex, have activity related to movements; 2) neurons in the caudate nucleus, which receives from the association cortex, have activity related for example to environmental stimuli which signal preparation for or initiation of behavioral responses; 3) neurons in the tail of the caudate nucleus, which receives strongly from the inferior temporal visual cortex, respond when a patterned visual stimulus changes; 4) some neurons in the posterior ventral putamen, which receives from the inferior temporal visual cortex and the prefrontal cortex, respond in a visual short term memory task, delayed match to sample. The neurons responded in the delay period, or differentially to match and non-match stimuli. These neurons did not respond in an auditory delayed match to sample task, so that their activity was not related to movement per se, but was instead more closely related to visual inputs relevant to a memory task; 5) some neurons in the ventral striatum (including the nucleus accumbens), which receives from limbic structures such as the amygdala and hippocampus, respond to stimuli associated with reinforcement or to novel stimuli. It is concluded that there is considerable segregation of function within the striatum. It is suggested that there is an opportunity for inputs which originate from different parts of the cerebral cortex to interact, via a first stage of convergence in the striatum, and by a further stage of convergence on the dendrites of single neurons in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra; and that both these parts of the basal ganglia may learn associations between the different signals they receive. The result of this convergence and learning is that the basal ganglia provide a way for cortical areas far on in the hierarchy of information processing to become linked during motor learning to particular sequences of movements, and thus to be involved in the execution of motor programs.
纹状体接收来自大脑皮层不同区域的输入，包括处于皮层信息处理层级较高级别的联合皮层区域以及感觉运动皮层，并通过苍白球和黑质与丘脑建立连接，进而与运动前区和前额叶皮层区域相连。对灵长类动物纹状体不同部位神经元活动的记录表明，它们具有以下特性：1）壳核大部分区域的神经元接收来自感觉运动皮层的输入，其活动与运动相关；2）尾状核的神经元接收来自联合皮层的输入，其活动例如与为行为反应做准备或启动行为反应的环境刺激相关；3）尾状核尾部的神经元大量接收来自颞下回视觉皮层的输入，当有图案的视觉刺激发生变化时会做出反应；4）腹侧后壳核的一些神经元接收来自颞下回视觉皮层和前额叶皮层的输入，在视觉短期记忆任务（延迟样本匹配）中会做出反应。这些神经元在延迟期做出反应，或者对匹配和不匹配刺激有不同反应。这些神经元在听觉延迟样本匹配任务中不做反应，因此它们的活动并非与运动本身相关，而是与与记忆任务相关的视觉输入更为密切相关；5）腹侧纹状体（包括伏隔核）的一些神经元接收来自杏仁核和海马体等边缘结构的输入，对与强化相关的刺激或新刺激做出反应。可以得出结论，纹状体内存在相当程度的功能分离。有人提出，源自大脑皮层不同部位的输入有机会通过在纹状体的第一阶段汇聚，以及在苍白球和黑质单个神经元树突上的进一步汇聚阶段进行相互作用；并且基底神经节的这两个部分都可能学习它们接收到的不同信号之间的关联。这种汇聚和学习的结果是，基底神经节为处于信息处理层级较高级别的皮层区域在运动学习过程中与特定的运动序列建立联系提供了一种方式，从而参与运动程序的执行。
