Kucera J, Bencko V, Sabbioni E, Van der Venne M T
Czech Ecological Institute, NAA Laboratory, Rez near Prague.
Sci Total Environ. 1995 Apr 21;166:211-34. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04425-z.
The availability of accurate trace element reference values in human tissues represents an important indicator to the health status of the general population and occupational groups exposed to trace elements. The EURO TERVIHT project (Trace Element Reference Values in Human Tissues) aims to establish and compare trace element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European countries as baseline values for clinical/toxicological assessment studies. In this context, one of the first steps considered is the critical evaluation (state of the art) of existing literature on trace element reference values in blood, serum and urine in the general population of each European country. This paper reviews the Czech and Slovak situation by assessing studies carried out in these countries for Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Mn, Hg, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sc, Se, V and Zn in blood, serum and urine. These studies show that most of the data available do not meet criteria designed recently for deriving reference intervals, especially regarding the number of subjects, the age of population sample studies as well as the use of appropriate sampling techniques and quality assurance procedures. Elements which present the highest potential risk for health in Czech and Slovak populations and for which reference values should be urgently established are: Cd, Hg, Pb (major pollutants); As, Cr, Ni (carcinogenic metals); Al, F, Mn, Tl, V (released into the environment by coal combustion and other industrial activities); Pt (increasing use of Pt catalyst in petrol-driven automobiles); essential trace elements such as I, Se and Zn for which a deficiency in Czech and Slovak populations was detected or is suspected.
人体组织中准确的微量元素参考值对于普通人群和接触微量元素的职业群体的健康状况而言是一项重要指标。欧洲TERVIHT项目（人体组织中的微量元素参考值）旨在确定并比较欧洲国家居民组织中的微量元素参考值，作为临床/毒理学评估研究的基线值。在此背景下，首先考虑的步骤之一是对每个欧洲国家普通人群血液、血清和尿液中微量元素参考值的现有文献进行批判性评估（最新技术水平）。本文通过评估在捷克和斯洛伐克进行的关于血液、血清和尿液中铝、砷、镉、钴、铬、铜、氟、锰、汞、镍、铅、铷、钪、硒、钒和锌的研究，回顾了捷克和斯洛伐克的情况。这些研究表明，现有的大多数数据不符合最近为推导参考区间而设计的标准，特别是在受试者数量、人群样本研究的年龄以及适当采样技术和质量保证程序的使用方面。在捷克和斯洛伐克人群中对健康具有最高潜在风险且应紧急确定参考值的元素有：镉、汞、铅（主要污染物）；砷、铬、镍（致癌金属）；铝、氟、锰、铊、钒（通过煤炭燃烧和其他工业活动释放到环境中）；铂（在汽油驱动汽车中铂催化剂的使用增加）；必需微量元素，如碘、硒和锌，在捷克和斯洛伐克人群中已检测到或怀疑存在缺乏情况。
