Cleeland R, Christenson J, Usategui-Gomez M, Heveran J, Davis R, Grunberg E
Clin Chem. 1976 Jun;22(6):712-25.
We review the status of radioimmunoassays for detection of abused drugs. Individual assays with use of 125I-labeled antigens are all performed in an identical manner and can be completed in 30 min to 1 h. Combined assays for simultaneous detection of two or more such drugs or assays in which a tritium-labeled antigen is used require 1-2 h for completion. All tests can be performed with 0.1 ml or less of specimen. The assays involving 125I reliably detect urinary concentrations of, per liter, 40-100 mug of morphine, 100 mug of barbiturates, methadone, methaqualone, or benzoylecgonine, and 1000 mug of amphetamine. The assay for morphine involving 3H detects 60 mug/liter. Each assay is capable of providing a qualitative and quantitative estimate of the drugs sought. The 125I-labeled antigens have a usable shelf life of at least two to four months after the antigen is iodinated; the tritium assay is stable for six months. The assays can be performed with use of paper discs that have been suspended in urine and then dried, in place of the liquid specimen. The assays appear to be equally applicable to detection of drugs in urine, blood, saliva, and tissues. All of them are done at ambient temperature and can be used equally well for emergency (stat) tests or mass screening. Except for the benzoylecgonine assay, the clinical reliability of these tests has been demonstrated.
我们回顾了用于检测滥用药物的放射免疫分析方法的现状。使用125I标记抗原的单个分析方法均以相同方式进行，30分钟至1小时即可完成。同时检测两种或更多此类药物的联合分析方法或使用氚标记抗原的分析方法需要1至2小时才能完成。所有检测均可使用0.1毫升或更少的标本进行。涉及125I的分析方法能可靠地检测出每升尿液中40 - 100微克的吗啡、100微克的巴比妥类药物、美沙酮、甲喹酮或苯甲酰芽子碱，以及1000微克的苯丙胺。涉及3H的吗啡分析方法能检测出60微克/升。每种分析方法都能够对所检测的药物进行定性和定量评估。125I标记的抗原在碘化后至少有两到四个月的可用保质期；氚分析方法在六个月内稳定。这些分析方法可以使用悬浮在尿液中然后干燥的纸盘来代替液体标本进行。这些分析方法似乎同样适用于检测尿液、血液、唾液和组织中的药物。所有这些分析都是在室温下进行的，同样适用于急诊（即时）检测或大规模筛查。除了苯甲酰芽子碱分析方法外，这些检测的临床可靠性已得到证实。
