Caplan L J, Lipman P D
National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1995 May;50(3):P126-33. doi: 10.1093/geronb/50b.3.p126.
Young (ages 25-40 yrs) and older (ages 60-75 yrs) adults viewed a series of slides depicting a route through a neighborhood and were tested on their ability to remember the route. Subjects either received no learning aid, a sketch of the route labeled as a "map," or the same aid labeled a "diagram." Aids either did or did not include route landmarks. Relative to younger men, older men's performance was significantly poorer only when they had no learning aid. In contrast, age differences for women were obtained only when the aid had been labeled a "map." The presence of landmarks eliminated age-related decrements in scene memory for men but increased them for women. In addition, results were consistent with the hypothesis that memory for large-scale environments is composed of "layout" (i.e., configural) and "scene" components.
年轻（25至40岁）和年长（60至75岁）的成年人观看了一系列描绘穿过一个社区路线的幻灯片，并接受了记忆该路线能力的测试。受试者要么没有学习辅助工具，要么有一张标为“地图”的路线草图，要么有同样的标为“图表”的辅助工具。辅助工具要么包含路线地标，要么不包含。与年轻男性相比，年长男性只有在没有学习辅助工具时表现才明显较差。相比之下，只有当辅助工具被标为“地图”时，女性才出现年龄差异。地标的存在消除了男性在场景记忆中与年龄相关的减退，但增加了女性的这种减退。此外，结果与以下假设一致，即对大规模环境的记忆由“布局”（即构型）和“场景”成分组成。
