Genotypic polymorphisms in experimental metastatic dermal leishmaniasis.

Molecular karyotype and kDNA restriction analyses were utilized to examine the genetic heterogeneity and plasticity of the Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis strain WHI/BR/78/M5313, composed of metastatic and non-metastatic populations. Cloning revealed that the strain was constituted by multiple closely related populations that were distinguishable by restriction fragment polymorphisms in kDNA. Size polymorphisms in molecular karyotype were not detected. Passage of clones in hamsters and recovery of parasites from cutaneous metastatic lesions yielded evidence of further genetic heterogeneity among some of the progeny populations. Overall, six kDNA minicircle restriction patterns or schizodemes were observed among clones, subclones and progeny. Although the possibility that population heterogeneity was not resolved by cloning cannot be ruled out, subcloning and kDNA restriction analysis to determine whether the putative clones consisted of homogeneous populations showed the schizodeme of subclones of 3 out of 4 clones to be identical to the clone of origin, while a subclone of the fourth had a co-efficient of similarity of 0.95. Metastasis did not segregate with a particular schizodeme: all six restriction profiles were represented among populations isolated from metastatic lesions and some clones with the same restriction profile did not produce metastatic lesions. The strain from which the clones, subclones and progeny were derived had a kDNA restriction pattern identical to the most prevalent schizodeme (38%) among these subpopulations. This finding together with the reappearance of the repertoire of schizodemes found among clones in the populations recovered from metastatic lesions in hamsters inoculated with a single clone, suggest that sequence polymorphisms in kDNA can emerge during infection.