Gillis J S, Mubbashar M H
Department of Psychology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331-5303, USA.
Psychol Rep. 1995 Feb;76(1):99-108. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1995.76.1.99.
While a number of risk factors have been identified for drug abuse in the United States, little evidence is available about such factors in some other counties. Among these latter is Pakistan, a nation in which heroin addiction is a major problem. The present study was done to examine those psychosocial characteristics which differentiated 60 heroin addicts from 60 nondrug-using controls in Pakistan. Most of the drug-abuse factors identified earlier were significant in Pakistan as well. Applying cut-off scores previously established for each of 9 variables, the relationship between drug status and number of factors at risk was also examined. Over 98% of the addicts were at risk for five or more factors; only 15% of controls were at risk for 5 variables and none exceeded 5. Precursors for abuse appear to cut across cultural lines. The high-risk individual in Pakistan, as in the United States, is one with ready access to drugs and the social inducements to use them while lacking bonds with societal institutions or value systems which might mitigate against drug use. Because several of the risk factors represent deep and long-standing aspects of the addict's personality, both prevention and treatment confront formidable difficulties.
虽然在美国已确定了一些药物滥用的风险因素，但在其他一些国家，关于此类因素的证据却很少。在这些国家中包括巴基斯坦，该国海洛因成瘾是一个主要问题。本研究旨在调查区分巴基斯坦60名海洛因成瘾者和60名非吸毒对照者的心理社会特征。先前确定的大多数药物滥用因素在巴基斯坦也很显著。应用先前为9个变量中的每一个设定的临界值，还研究了药物状态与风险因素数量之间的关系。超过98%的成瘾者面临五个或更多因素的风险；只有15%的对照者面临5个变量的风险，且无人超过5个。滥用的先兆似乎跨越了文化界限。与美国一样，巴基斯坦的高危个体是那些容易获得毒品且有社会诱因使用毒品，但缺乏可能减轻吸毒行为的社会机构或价值体系联系的人。由于一些风险因素代表了成瘾者个性中深刻而长期的方面，预防和治疗都面临巨大困难。
