Carstensen L L, Gottman J M, Levenson R W
Department of Psychology, Stanford University, California 94305, USA.
Psychol Aging. 1995 Mar;10(1):140-9. doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.10.1.140.
In exploring the emotional climate of long-term marriages, this study used an observational coding system to identify specific emotional behaviors expressed by middle-aged and older spouses during discussions of a marital problem. One hundred and fifty-six couples differing in age and marital satisfaction were studied. Emotional behaviors expressed by couples differed as a function of age, gender, and marital satisfaction. In older couples, the resolution of conflict was less emotionally negative and more affectionate than in middle-aged marriages. Differences between husbands and wives and between happy and unhappy marriages were also found. Wives were more affectively negative than husbands, whereas husbands were more defensive than wives, and unhappy marriages involved greater exchange of negative affect than happy marriages.
在探究长期婚姻中的情感氛围时，本研究使用了一种观察编码系统，以识别中年及老年配偶在讨论婚姻问题时所表现出的特定情感行为。研究了156对年龄和婚姻满意度不同的夫妻。夫妻所表现出的情感行为因年龄、性别和婚姻满意度而异。与中年婚姻相比，老年夫妻在冲突解决上情感上的负面程度更低，更具深情。还发现了丈夫与妻子之间以及幸福婚姻与不幸福婚姻之间的差异。妻子在情感上比丈夫更消极，而丈夫比妻子更具防御性，与幸福婚姻相比，不幸福婚姻中负面情感的交流更多。
