Evolution of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and the origin of the genetic code.

The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases exist as two enzyme families which were apparently generated by divergent evolution from two primordial synthetases. The two classes of enzymes exhibit intriguing familial relationships, in that they are distributed nonrandomly within the codon-amino acid matrix of the genetic code. For example, all XCX codons code for amino acids handled by class II synthetases, and all but one of the XUX codons code for amino acids handled by class I synthetases. One interpretation of these patterns is that the synthetases coevolved with the genetic code. The more likely explanation, however, is that the synthetases evolved in the context of an already-established genetic code--a code which developed earlier in an RNA world. The rules which governed the development of the genetic code, and led to certain patterns in the coding catalog between codons and amino acids, would also have governed the subsequent evolution of the synthetases in the context of a fixed code, leading to patterns in synthetase distribution such as those observed. These rules are (1) conservative evolution of amino acid and adapter binding sites and (2) minimization of the disruptive effects on protein structure caused by codon meaning changes.