A radical approach to enzyme catalysis.

Free radicals are generally perceived as highly reactive species which are harmful to biological systems. There are, however, a number of enzymes that use carbon-based radicals to catalyse a variety of important and unusual reactions. The most prominent example is ribonucleotide reductase, an enzyme which is crucial for the synthesis of DNA. In general, radicals are used to remove hydrogen from unreactive positions in the substrate, and in this way the substrate is activated to undergo chemical transformations that would otherwise be difficult to achieve. Several different mechanisms have evolved which allow enzymes to generate and maintain radicals in increasingly aerobic environments. An unexpected finding is the existence of stable protein-based radicals, residing on a variety of amino-acid side chains, which serve to link the radical-generating and catalytic sites and to store the radical between turnovers.