Disability, resources, role demands and mobility handicap.

Research on disablement highlights a wide variability in the impact of disabling conditions on individuals' lives. However, in most of this work, the relationships between impairment/disability and features of individuals' social and physical environments are not specified conceptually. Recent conceptual work in the context of the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH) suggests that the impact of impairment/disability on individuals' lives is contingent on levels of resources and other aspects of social context. The research question addressed in this paper is whether selected social factors affect the impact of impairment/disability on mobility handicap, defined as 'the individual's ability to move about effectively in his/her surroundings'. Two types of social factors are considered: resources such as help from others or having a car available; and social role obligations such as having a job or visiting relatives. Data are derived from a 1986 probability sample of 570 individuals with disabilities living in communities in Calderdale, Yorkshire, England. Multiple-regression models indicate that the impact of walking disability on mobility handicap was reduced by availability of a car in the household and school or job obligations. Other impairments/disabilities, resources and social role demands examined did not act on mobility outcomes in this manner. Implications for conceptualizing and testing relationships between impairment, disability, handicap and social and physical environments are discussed. A critical task for future research is the investigation of personal and social resources and barriers that may moderate the impact of disability on individuals' lives.